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Information we use to structure our lives is increasingly stored
digitally, rather than in biomemory. (Just think: if your online
calendar went down, would you know where you are supposed be and at
what time next week?) Likewise, with breakthroughs such as those
from Google DeepMind and OpenAI, discoveries at the frontiers of
knowledge are increasingly due to machine learning (often, applied
to massive datasets, extracted from a fast-growing datasphere)
rather than to brainbound cognition. It’s hard to deny that
knowledge retention and production is becoming increasingly – in
various ways – digitised. Digital Knowledge: A Philosophical
Investigation is the first book to squarely and rigorously
investigate digital knowledge: what it is, how to make sense of it
in connection with received theories of knowledge, and where it is
going. Key questions J Adam Carter examines along the way are the
following: How is mere digital information converted into reliable
digital knowledge? To what extent can digital knowledge be
vindicated against sceptical challenges, and in what ways might
digital knowledge stand distinctively subject to defeat? What is
the epistemically optimal way for us to decide which tasks to
outsource entirely to intelligent machines, and to what extent is
further outsourcing appropriate (or not) to verify the results of
that same outsourced cognition? Are there any ways in which the
expansion of the datasphere threatens to make knowledge more,
rather than easy, to come by? If so, are there any promising ways
to safeguard, epistemically, against such threats? Using
fascinating examples throughout, such as the recent chess match
between Stockfish and Google’s AlphaZero, smartphones and
personalisation, Digital Knowledge: A Philosophical Investigation
is an ideal for researchers investigating this fascinating area of
research at the intersection of traditional mainstream
epistemology, the philosophy of cognitive science, the philosophy
of technology, and computer science.
This book provides the first systematic overview of the
theoretical, empirical, clinical, and police issues related to
sexual murderers and murder. Bringing together leading researchers,
theoreticians, and practitioners from across eight different
countries, this is a truly international collaboration and an
essential reference text for students, researchers, and
professionals interested in sexual homicide, as well as an
exhaustive source of guidelines for the assessment and treatment of
sexual murderers. This book is divided into five parts: Part I,
Theories and research, presents a detailed review of theoretical
models and empirical studies of sexual homicide. Part II, Sexual
sadism, discusses theoretical, empirical, and clinical
considerations and reviews the literature on the characteristics of
sadistic sexual aggressors. Part III, Clinical issues, discusses
the assessment and management of sexual murderers at each phase of
the judicial process: at trial, during incarceration, and during
follow-up in the community. Part IV, Policing issues, discusses
research and practical issues related to police activities
surrounding a sexual murder. Topics include investigation, offender
and geographical profiling, behavioural linkage, and police
interrogation of the murderers. Part V, New directions, presents
new directions for the study of sexual homicide and discusses the
limits of current knowledge related to sexual murderers and their
crimes. Offering a broad and comprehensive approach, this Handbook
is an indispensable source of information on theory, research,
clinical assessment, treatment, and police issues related to sexual
murderers and murder.
This book brings together philosophers to investigate the nature
and normativity of group disagreement. Debates in the epistemology
of disagreement have mainly been concerned with idealized cases of
peer disagreement between individuals. However, most real-life
disagreements are complex and often take place within and between
groups. Ascribing views, beliefs, and judgments to groups is a
common phenomenon that is well researched in the literature on the
ontology and epistemology of groups. The chapters in this volume
seek to connect these literatures and to explore both intra- and
inter- group disagreements. They apply their discussions to a range
of political, religious, social, and scientific issues. The
Epistemology of Group Disagreement is an important resource for
students and scholars working on social and applied epistemology;
disagreement; and topics at the intersection of epistemology,
ethics, and politics.
Epistemological theories of knowledge and justification draw a
crucial distinction between one's simply having good reasons for
some belief and one's actually basing one's belief on good reasons.
While the most natural kind of account of basing is causal in
nature-a belief is based on a reason if and only if the belief is
properly caused by the reason-there is hardly any widely accepted,
counterexample-free account of the basing relation among
contemporary epistemologists. Further inquiry into the nature of
the basing relation is therefore of paramount importance for
epistemology. Without an acceptable account of the basing relation,
epistemological theories remain both crucially incomplete and
vulnerable to errors that can arise when authors assume an
implausible view of what it takes for beliefs to be held on the
basis of reasons. Well-Founded Belief brings together 16 essays
written by leading epistemologists to explore this important topic
in greater detail. The chapters in this collection are divided into
two broad categories: (i) the nature of the basing relation; and
(ii) basing and its applications. The chapters in the first section
are concerned, principally, with positively characterizing the
epistemic basing relation and criticizing extant accounts of it,
including extant accounts of the relationship between epistemic
basing and propositional and doxastic justification. The latter
chapters connect epistemic basing with other topics of interest in
epistemology as well as ethics, including: epistemic disjunctivism,
epistemic injustice, agency, epistemic conservativism, epistemic
grounding, epistemic genealogy, practical reasoning, and practical
knowledge.
Group polarization-the tendency of groups to incline toward more
extreme positions than initially held by their individual
members-has been rigorously studied by social psychologists, though
in a way that has overlooked important philosophical questions.
This is the first book-length treatment of group polarization from
a philosophical perspective. The phenomenon of group polarization
raises several important metaphysical and epistemological
questions. From a metaphysical point of view, can group
polarization, understood as an epistemic feature of a group, be
reduced to epistemic features of its individual members? Relatedly,
from an epistemological point of view, is group polarization best
understood as a kind of cognitive bias or rather in terms of
intellectual vice? This book compares four models that combine
potential answers to the metaphysical and epistemological
questions. The models considered are: group polarization as (i) a
collective bias; (ii) a summation of individual epistemic vices;
(iii) a summation of individual biases; and (iv) a collective
epistemic vice. Ultimately, the authors defend a collective vice
model of group polarization over the competing alternatives. The
Philosophy of Group Polarization will be of interest to students
and researchers working in epistemology, particularly those working
on social epistemology, collective epistemology, social ontology,
virtue epistemology, and distributed cognition. It will also be of
interest to those working on issues in political epistemology,
applied epistemology, and on topics at the intersection of
epistemology and ethics.
This book brings together philosophers to investigate the nature
and normativity of group disagreement. Debates in the epistemology
of disagreement have mainly been concerned with idealized cases of
peer disagreement between individuals. However, most real-life
disagreements are complex and often take place within and between
groups. Ascribing views, beliefs, and judgments to groups is a
common phenomenon that is well researched in the literature on the
ontology and epistemology of groups. The chapters in this volume
seek to connect these literatures and to explore both intra- and
inter- group disagreements. They apply their discussions to a range
of political, religious, social, and scientific issues. The
Epistemology of Group Disagreement is an important resource for
students and scholars working on social and applied epistemology;
disagreement; and topics at the intersection of epistemology,
ethics, and politics.
Epistemological theories of knowledge and justification draw a
crucial distinction between one's simply having good reasons for
some belief and one's actually basing one's belief on good reasons.
While the most natural kind of account of basing is causal in
nature-a belief is based on a reason if and only if the belief is
properly caused by the reason-there is hardly any widely accepted,
counterexample-free account of the basing relation among
contemporary epistemologists. Further inquiry into the nature of
the basing relation is therefore of paramount importance for
epistemology. Without an acceptable account of the basing relation,
epistemological theories remain both crucially incomplete and
vulnerable to errors that can arise when authors assume an
implausible view of what it takes for beliefs to be held on the
basis of reasons. Well-Founded Belief brings together 16 essays
written by leading epistemologists to explore this important topic
in greater detail. The chapters in this collection are divided into
two broad categories: (i) the nature of the basing relation; and
(ii) basing and its applications. The chapters in the first section
are concerned, principally, with positively characterizing the
epistemic basing relation and criticizing extant accounts of it,
including extant accounts of the relationship between epistemic
basing and propositional and doxastic justification. The latter
chapters connect epistemic basing with other topics of interest in
epistemology as well as ethics, including: epistemic disjunctivism,
epistemic injustice, agency, epistemic conservativism, epistemic
grounding, epistemic genealogy, practical reasoning, and practical
knowledge.
This book provides the first systematic overview of the
theoretical, empirical, clinical, and police issues related to
sexual murderers and murder. Bringing together leading researchers,
theoreticians, and practitioners from across eight different
countries, this is a truly international collaboration and an
essential reference text for students, researchers, and
professionals interested in sexual homicide, as well as an
exhaustive source of guidelines for the assessment and treatment of
sexual murderers. This book is divided into five parts: Part I,
Theories and research, presents a detailed review of theoretical
models and empirical studies of sexual homicide. Part II, Sexual
sadism, discusses theoretical, empirical, and clinical
considerations and reviews the literature on the characteristics of
sadistic sexual aggressors. Part III, Clinical issues, discusses
the assessment and management of sexual murderers at each phase of
the judicial process: at trial, during incarceration, and during
follow-up in the community. Part IV, Policing issues, discusses
research and practical issues related to police activities
surrounding a sexual murder. Topics include investigation, offender
and geographical profiling, behavioural linkage, and police
interrogation of the murderers. Part V, New directions, presents
new directions for the study of sexual homicide and discusses the
limits of current knowledge related to sexual murderers and their
crimes. Offering a broad and comprehensive approach, this Handbook
is an indispensable source of information on theory, research,
clinical assessment, treatment, and police issues related to sexual
murderers and murder.
The purpose of this book is to provide readers with an overview of
basic group dynamics and techniques that are effective in Higher
Education and Student Affairs settings. Student affairs
professionals frequently engage in group work and team projects
that require them to engage undergraduate students in ways that are
unlike the classroom or less formal social setting. To help these
individuals navigate their new roles, this book will provide an
overview of basic group dynamics and leadership skills that
facilitate productive group functioning. The book will be both a
textbook that provides content regarding group dynamics, group
theory, and group leadership, and a workbook/guidebook that
provides information and scenarios that encourage readers to
consider how the basic group principals can be applied in various
areas within student affairs.
We know facts, but we also know how to do things. To know a fact is
to know that a proposition is true. But does knowing how to ride a
bike amount to knowledge of propositions? This is a challenging
question and one that deeply divides the contemporary landscape. A
Critical Introduction to Knowledge-How introduces, outlines, and
critically evaluates various contemporary debates surrounding the
nature of knowledge-how. Carter and Poston show that situating the
debate over the nature of knowledge-how in other epistemological
debates provides new ways to make progress. In particular, Carter
and Poston explore the question of what knowledge-how involves, and
how it might come apart from propositional knowledge, by engaging
with key epistemological topics including epistemic luck, knowledge
of language, epistemic value, virtue epistemology and social
epistemology. New frontiers for research on knowledge-how are also
explored relating to the internalism - externalism debate as well
as embodied and extended knowledge. A Critical Introduction to
Knowledge-How provides an accessible introduction to the main
arguments in this important and thriving debate suited for
undergraduates and postgraduates in philosophy and related areas. A
strength of the book is its methodology which places a premium on
placing the debates over knowledge-how in a broader conversation
over the nature of knowledge. This book also offers an opinionated
discussion of various lines of argument which will be of interest
to professional philosophers as well.
The purpose of this book is to provide readers with an overview of
basic group dynamics and techniques that are effective in Higher
Education and Student Affairs settings. Student affairs
professionals frequently engage in group work and team projects
that require them to engage undergraduate students in ways that are
unlike the classroom or less formal social setting. To help these
individuals navigate their new roles, this book will provide an
overview of basic group dynamics and leadership skills that
facilitate productive group functioning. The book will be both a
textbook that provides content regarding group dynamics, group
theory, and group leadership, and a workbook/guidebook that
provides information and scenarios that encourage readers to
consider how the basic group principals can be applied in various
areas within student affairs.
We know facts, but we also know how to do things. To know a fact is
to know that a proposition is true. But does knowing how to ride a
bike amount to knowledge of propositions? This is a challenging
question and one that deeply divides the contemporary landscape. A
Critical Introduction to Knowledge-How introduces, outlines, and
critically evaluates various contemporary debates surrounding the
nature of knowledge-how. Carter and Poston show that situating the
debate over the nature of knowledge-how in other epistemological
debates provides new ways to make progress. In particular, Carter
and Poston explore the question of what knowledge-how involves, and
how it might come apart from propositional knowledge, by engaging
with key epistemological topics including epistemic luck, knowledge
of language, epistemic value, virtue epistemology and social
epistemology. New frontiers for research on knowledge-how are also
explored relating to the internalism - externalism debate as well
as embodied and extended knowledge. A Critical Introduction to
Knowledge-How provides an accessible introduction to the main
arguments in this important and thriving debate suited for
undergraduates and postgraduates in philosophy and related areas. A
strength of the book is its methodology which places a premium on
placing the debates over knowledge-how in a broader conversation
over the nature of knowledge. This book also offers an opinionated
discussion of various lines of argument which will be of interest
to professional philosophers as well.
Socially Extended Epistemology explores the epistemological
ramifications of one of the most important research programmes in
contemporary cognitive science: distributed cognition. In certain
conditions, according to this programme, groups of people can
generate distributed cognitive systems that consist of all
participating members. This volume brings together a range of
distinguished and early career academics, from a variety of
different perspectives, to investigate the very idea of socially
extended epistemology. They ask, for example: can distributed
cognitive systems generate knowledge in a similar way to
individuals? And if so, how, if at all, does this kind of knowledge
differ from normal, individual knowledge? The first part of the
volume examines foundational issues, including from a critical
perspective. The second part of the volume turns to applications of
this idea, and the new theoretical directions that it might take
us. These include the ethical ramifications of socially extended
epistemology, its societal impact, and its import for emerging
digital technologies.
Is it good to be proud? We sometimes happily speak of being proud
of our achievements, ethnicities and identities, yet pride is also
often described as the most serious of the seven deadly sins. This
edited collection of original essays examines pride from a variety
of perspectives in philosophy, psychology, sociology and
anthropology. The volume seeks to explore such topics as the nature
of pride, its connection to other human emotions, whether it is a
virtue or vice (or both), and what role it might play in both our
intellectual and moral lives. Containing diverse voices and
viewpoints, this book aims to illuminate the various and complex
dimensions of pride.
Is it good to be proud? We sometimes happily speak of being proud
of our achievements, ethnicities and identities, yet pride is also
often described as the most serious of the seven deadly sins. This
edited collection of original essays examines pride from a variety
of perspectives in philosophy, psychology, sociology and
anthropology. The volume seeks to explore such topics as the nature
of pride, its connection to other human emotions, whether it is a
virtue or vice (or both), and what role it might play in both our
intellectual and moral lives. Containing diverse voices and
viewpoints, this book aims to illuminate the various and complex
dimensions of pride.
This useful edition of Suetonius' "Life of Augustus," one of twelve
imperial biographies contained in that author's "De vita Caesarum,"
was first published by Oxford University Press in 1927. It includes
the Latin text, Chronology, detailed Notes on the text and
comprehensive indexes. In 1982 it was substantially updated with an
Introduction including an overview of Suetonius' life and works and
an assessment of the value of the "Divus Julius," a Bibliography
and Additional Notes by J. Carter for this Bristol Classical press
edition.
The aim of this book is to bridge the gap between the diagnostic
departments and the clinical wards in order to improve the
coordination of the different services that are involved in patient
care, each service with its specific task and responsibility. It
has been written to improve the clinical and diagnostic skills of
physicians. The manual assumes that clinicians have been trained in
history taking, physical examination and use of laboratory
investigations and also have access to basic clinical diagnostic
equipment and to essential laboratory tests.
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